The Finnish Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, marked a historic turning point for Finland, as the country formally severed its ties with Russia and embarked on the path to sovereignty. The declaration was the culmination of years of political and cultural development, as well as the immediate impact of the Russian Revolution. Key figures and events played a critical role in achieving Finnish independence, setting the stage for the nation’s journey toward self-governance. For those studying for the Finnish citizenship test, understanding the events surrounding Finland’s declaration of independence highlights Finland’s commitment to self-determination, resilience, and unity.
Historical Background: Finland Under Russian Rule
Finland had been an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian Empire since 1809, following its transfer from Sweden to Russia. While Finland retained its language, institutions, and legal systems, tensions arose as Russian authorities introduced “Russification” policies aimed at integrating Finland more closely into the empire. These policies limited Finnish autonomy and threatened Finnish language and culture, leading to growing opposition among Finns from various social and political backgrounds.
By the early 20th century, the Finnish independence movement had gained momentum, bolstered by the 1905 General Strike and the rise of Finnish nationalism. However, it was the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent collapse of the Russian Empire that created the opportunity for Finland to declare independence.
Key Figures in the Finnish Independence Movement
Several influential figures played pivotal roles in guiding Finland toward independence, from political leaders and statesmen to activists and intellectuals.
- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: A conservative politician and statesman, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud emerged as a leading advocate for Finnish independence. As the chairman of the Finnish Senate, Svinhufvud helped draft the Declaration of Independence and played a central role in negotiating Finland’s transition to independence. Known for his strong opposition to Russian influence, Svinhufvud’s leadership was instrumental in guiding Finland through the turbulent period leading up to independence.
- Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Although Mannerheim’s most prominent role would come later as the leader of Finland’s armed forces, he was already an influential figure during the independence movement. A former general in the Russian army, Mannerheim was deeply committed to Finnish independence and would go on to play a critical role in defending the country’s sovereignty during the Finnish Civil War and World War II. His military background and loyalty to Finland made him a symbol of Finnish resilience and national pride.
- K.J. Ståhlberg: Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, a prominent lawyer and constitutional scholar, was a key figure in establishing Finland’s democratic framework. As a Fennoman and supporter of Finnish independence, Ståhlberg advocated for a republican government. After independence, he became Finland’s first president, helping to shape the nation’s democratic institutions and guiding the country through its early years of independence.
- Santeri Alkio: Santeri Alkio, a writer, politician, and leader of the Agrarian League (later the Centre Party), was a champion of Finnish national identity and the welfare of rural Finns. Alkio was instrumental in rallying the rural population in support of independence and envisioned a socially just and egalitarian Finland. His contributions to Finland’s social and political landscape continue to be celebrated as part of the country’s democratic foundations.
Key Events Leading to Finnish Independence
The declaration of independence was shaped by a series of pivotal events in 1917, both in Finland and in Russia, as the Russian Empire underwent dramatic political upheaval.
- The Russian Revolution (February and October 1917): The Russian Revolution, which began in February 1917, led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government. The revolution weakened Russian control over Finland, and Finnish political leaders seized the opportunity to push for greater autonomy. However, the October Revolution later that year brought the Bolsheviks to power, resulting in further chaos and instability within Russia. The Bolshevik regime’s radical agenda created further uncertainty, making independence an increasingly attractive option for Finland.
- The Power Act (July 1917): In July 1917, the Finnish parliament, known as the Eduskunta, passed the Power Act (Valtalaki), which sought to transfer governing power from the Russian authorities to Finland. The Power Act aimed to establish Finnish control over domestic affairs, leaving only foreign policy and military matters under Russian oversight. However, the Russian provisional government rejected the act, dissolving the Finnish parliament and intensifying calls for full independence.
- The October Revolution and the Push for Independence: The Bolshevik takeover in October 1917 significantly altered the political landscape, as the new Soviet government under Vladimir Lenin encouraged self-determination for nations within the former Russian Empire. Finnish leaders recognized the opportunity to pursue independence, and support for secession grew rapidly across the political spectrum. The instability in Russia and the Bolshevik government’s willingness to grant independence provided Finland with a clear path forward.
- Declaration of Independence (December 6, 1917): On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Senate, led by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, presented a formal declaration of independence to the Finnish parliament. The declaration was approved by a majority vote, making Finland an independent state. The Declaration of Independence marked the culmination of years of political struggle and cultural awakening, symbolizing Finland’s commitment to sovereignty, democracy, and self-determination.
Aftermath and International Recognition
Following the declaration, Finland sought international recognition of its independence, particularly from Soviet Russia and other major powers.
- Soviet Russia’s Recognition of Finnish Independence: On December 31, 1917, the Soviet government, led by Vladimir Lenin, formally recognized Finland’s independence, marking a crucial step in establishing Finland’s sovereignty. This recognition solidified Finland’s international standing and helped secure support from other countries.
- Recognition by Other Nations: In early 1918, several European countries, including Sweden, Germany, and France, recognized Finland’s independence. This diplomatic recognition was essential in affirming Finland’s status as a new nation and establishing international relations. Recognition by major powers like Germany also strengthened Finland’s position as it navigated its early years of independence.
The Legacy of the Finnish Declaration of Independence
The Finnish Declaration of Independence in 1917 was a defining moment in the nation’s history, marking the beginning of Finland’s journey as a sovereign state. The declaration left a lasting legacy in Finnish society and shaped the country’s identity as a democratic and independent nation.
- Strengthening of Finnish National Identity: The declaration of independence affirmed Finland’s distinct cultural, linguistic, and political identity, reinforcing the values of self-determination and national pride. The achievement of independence became a source of unity and inspiration for future generations, strengthening Finland’s commitment to preserving its autonomy.
- Establishment of Democratic Institutions: Independence paved the way for Finland to establish democratic institutions and a republican form of government. Leaders like K.J. Ståhlberg guided the creation of a democratic constitution, ensuring that Finland’s government would reflect the values of equality and civic responsibility. The legacy of these democratic institutions remains a cornerstone of Finnish society today.
- Continued Struggle for Stability: Despite achieving independence, Finland faced significant challenges in the early years, including political divisions that led to the Finnish Civil War in 1918. The struggle for stability highlighted the complexities of nation-building, yet Finland’s resilience and commitment to democratic values ultimately led to lasting peace and prosperity.
- Annual Celebration of Independence Day: Today, Finland celebrates its Independence Day on December 6 each year. The day is marked by ceremonies, festivities, and moments of reflection, honoring those who contributed to Finland’s independence and celebrating the achievements of a proud, resilient nation.
Conclusion: The Significance of Finland’s Declaration of Independence
The Finnish Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, was a transformative moment that fulfilled the aspirations of generations who had dreamed of a free and sovereign Finland. Through the leadership of figures like Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and K.J. Ståhlberg, Finland navigated the challenges of independence with a commitment to democratic principles and national unity. The declaration remains a symbol of Finland’s strength, resilience, and determination, values that continue to shape the country’s identity.
For those studying for the Finnish citizenship test, understanding the events and figures surrounding Finland’s declaration of independence provides insight into the nation’s democratic foundations, as well as the enduring pride and dedication that define Finnish society today.
